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CS 455 Programming Assignment 5
Spring 2024 [Bono]
Due: Wednesday, April 24, 11:59pm
Introduction and Background
In this assignment you will use C++ linked lists to implement a data structure you have
studied in this class: a hash table. This hash table will be encapsulated inside a class called
Table (what you know as a map). To make it more interesting, you're going to test your class in
two different programs: one is a command-based test driver you will write (a program to
maintain student names and scores), and the other is a C++ version of the concordance
program you worked with in a previous lab. We wrote the C++ concordance program for you.
Note that there is a very short time-line on this assignment: there's a little less than two weeks
to complete it. We recommend you start immediately. To help you complete the program
successfully and on time we have included some development hints and a suggested
milestone later in this document. This Milestone is also lab 13, so you can get credit for
completing it.
As we have mentioned previously, we recommend you do all your C++ development for this
course on Vocareum. If you choose not to do this, please leave yourself at least a few days to
port your code (i.e., start testing it on Vocareum a few days before it's due so you have time to
fix any bugs.) The Vocareum g++ compiler and environment is the one we will be using for
grading your assignment.
To be able to use a C++ class in multiple programs, but not end up with multiple versions of
your Table class code, these are going to be multi-file programs that use separate compilation
and a Makefile. We will be discussing these topics more in lecture soon. However, we wrote
the Makefile for you, and put all the necessary include statements in the source files so as to
make this aspect of the assignment as painless as possible for you. Note: it will not work to
use the regular g++ command to compile this program. There are more specifics about this
in the File Organization section below.
Table of Contents
The assignment files
File organization and compiling multi-file programs in C++
How to compile the programs
The Table class
Table implementation
Dynamic arrays
Linked list functions
grades program
U i th t t t
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Using the concord program to test Table
Program development and milestone
Milestone
Grading criteria
README file / Submitting your program
The assignment files
The files in bold below are ones you modify and submit. The ones not in bold are ones that
you will use, but not modify.
Table.h Header file for the Table class. This contains the Table class definition (but not the
method implementations). More about this in the section on the Table class.
Table.cpp Implementation file for the Table class. This contains Table method definitions.
More about this in the section on the Table class.
listFuncs.h Header file for linked list module. Contains Node struct definition and
prototypes for functions on linked lists. More about this in the section on the linked list
functions.
listFuncs.cpp Implementation file for the Node struct and list functions. Contains Node
constructors and definitions of functions to operate on a linked list. More about this in
the section on the linked list functions.
pa5list.cpp (this one you modify, but do not submit) A test program for your list
functions.
grades.cpp Test program for your Table class. We gave you a skeleton version that does
the command-line argument handling, you'll be writing the rest of this program. More
about this in the section on the grades program.
concord.cpp A second program to try out your Table class with. More about this in the
sections on the Table interface, and testing with the concord program.
melville.txt and poe.txt Some text files to test the concordance program on.
Makefile A file with rules for the "make" command. This Makefile has rules for compiling
the source code to make the executables. There are comments at the top of the file
telling you how to use it.
README See section on Submitting your program for what to put in it. Before you start the
assignment please read the following statement which you will be "signing" in the
README:
"I certify that the work submitted for this assignment does not violate USC's
student conduct code. In particular, the work is my own, not a collaboration,
and does not involve code created by other people or AI software, with the
exception of the resources explicitly mentioned in the CS 455 Course Syllabus.
And I did not share my solution or parts of it with other students in the
course."
File organization and compiling multi-file programs in C++
Separately compiled programs in C++ usually have two files per class:
The header file (suffix h) contains the class definition It also has some preprocessor
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The header file (suffix .h) contains the class definition. It also has some preprocessor
directives (start with #). We've already given you a partially completed header file, Table.h,
for the Table class; this header file specifies the class interface via the class definition and
associated comments. Any additions you need to make to the class definition go in this
file: in particular, you will need to add the private data and the headers for any private
methods here -- as with other classes we have specified for you this semester, you are
not allowed to make any changes to the public section of this class definition.
The implementation file (suffix .cpp) contains the implementation of the methods for
that class. That is, the complete method definitions for all the methods, public and
private. This file needs to #include the class header file (i.e., Table.h). We started your
Table.cpp, and put the necessary #include in it.
This program is going to also contain a second separately-compiled module, although that
one does not have a class in it. It's going to be a module with our Node struct and all the
functions for operating on a linked list of that node type. This module is needed for the chains
in your hash table. That module will also have a header file plus an implementation file. It is
described in more detail in the section on linked list functions. Since this module is only used
in the Table implementation the #include statement for its header file is only in Table.cpp (and
in listFuncs.cpp). In particular Table.h does not depend on what is in the list module.
To make a complete program from the files that comprise the Table class, plus the linked list
module, we need another source code file with main in it (suffix .cpp ). This file could also have
other helper functions used by main. It needs to #include the header file for any classes it uses.
For the grades program we already put the necessary #include statement in grades.cpp for you.
See concord.cpp as an example of a completed Table client program.
Although the file organization for this program may seem a little confusing right now, we have
already provided all the necessary #include statements in the starter files, as well as a Makefile
to compile all the modules, so if you follow the assignment directions about what to put
where in your source code files and for how to compile the program, you should have no
problems. (Famous last words :-))
Compiling the program
For this assignment the Makefile we wrote for you takes care of creating the necessary
executables from the various source code files. The Makefile has comments that explain how
to use it (repeated here). The following are Linux shell commands that will work when the
Makefile is in the same directory as your source code:
make grades
Makes the grades executable.
make concord
Makes the concord executable.
make pa5list
Makes the pa5list executable. (See milestone section for details.)
To clarify, you use one of the make commands above instead of using g++. Note: The Makefile
will also create some .o files in your directory, which are compiled versions of the different
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program modules (roughly analogous to Java .class files).
The Table class
Table interface
The Table class is similar in functionality to the Java Map class. To simplify your
implementation, this one does not use C++ templates (= Java generics), but is fixed to use a
key type of string and a value type of int. Also to keep things simple, there is no iterator
interface: the only way to visit all the elements is via the printAll function.
The exact interface for the Table class is given in Table.h. You are not allowed to change the
interface (i.e., public section) for this class.
The concord program: Example of using the Table class We wrote a complete program that
uses the Table class, concord.cpp. This is a concordance program like the one we did in an earlier
Java lecture and that we enhanced in one of our labs, but this one uses the Table class you're
implementing here. This version filters words, but it does not sort the output. We wrote this
whole program for you -- you will just need to complete your Table class (including testing it,
of course) to be able to compile and run concord successfully.
Please read the code in concord.cpp to see examples of how to call the Table methods, and what
they do. In particular, you can see that, since lookup returns a pointer to the value that goes
with the given key, we can use lookup not only to access that value, but also to update the
value.
Info about hashStats parameter The hashStats() method is parameterized so you can use it to
print out to different output streams at different times. One of these streams is cout and
another is cerr (more about cerr in the comments at the top of concord.cpp). You write the print
statements in this function just as if you were writing to cout, but you use the parameter
instead. Here's an example of defining and calling a function with an ostream parameter:
// Param "out" is the output stream to write to.
// (passed by reference, because "<<" updates the stream object)
void testOut(ostream &out) {
out << "Hello there!" << endl;
}
. . .
// example calls:
testOut(cout);
testOut(cerr);
You can see an example call to hashStats in the main function in in concord.cpp.
Table implementation
You are required to implement your Table class using a hash table that you implement. This
hash table will do collision resolution by chaining with linked lists. For this assignment you
may not use STL container classes or any other classes or functions not implemented by you
(a few exceptions: C++ string, the I/O library, and a hash function from the library that is called
in the starter code)
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in the starter code).
Since the key type is fixed for this hash table, we can fix what the hash function is too. We
wrote the hash function for you. It's a private method of the Table class.
Note: to compare two C++ strings for equality, you use ==. By the way, the other relational
operators are also defined for strings as well.
Unlike a Java HashMap, whose hash table can grow if the load factor gets too high, the hash
table in a Table object will be a fixed size once it gets created. There are two constructors for
the Table class; one that uses a constant inside of Table as the size, and another that gets the
size to use in a parameter. The latter makes the class more flexible; but we also included it to
make it easy for you to test your code on very small hash table sizes so you can force
collisions to occur.
Dynamic arrays.
An implication of the client-specified hash size discussed in the previous paragraph is that
your representation has to involve a dynamic array, rather than a fixed size array. Remember
that with a fixed-size array in C++, the size is fixed at compile-time, so it's impossible to use a
value specified from the client/user. For your dynamic array here, once you create it its size
won't change again.
Creating a dynamic array looks a lot like creating a Java array, except we use a pointer type.
The pointer points to the first element in the array. However, once the array is created we can
use normal [] syntax to reference elements.
Here is some example code for a dynamic array:
int * arr; // var decl for a dynamic array of integers
arr = new int[10]; // create an array of 10 ints
// (unlike in java, array elements are not automatically initialized with this statement)
arr = new int[10](); // this second version *will* init the values to all zeroes
arr[3] = 7; // put a 7 in a[3]
cout << arr[10]; // error: invalid array index (exact behavior undefined)
delete [] arr; // reclaim memory for the array
// (use [] form of delete with anything allocated with [] form of new)
The syntax for declaring your array will be a little hairy, because the element type itself will be
a pointer (i.e., because it's a linked list to be used for chaining). Each element is going to be a
Node* for a linked list:
Node* * data; // decl for array of pointers to Node (yes, need two *'s)
data = new Node*[100](); // allocate an array of 100 pointers to Node
// and initializes them all to 0 ( = NULL)
data[0]; // this expression is type Node*
This example should be helpful for you to get started with working with this type in the Table
class. To make it a little easier we have also defined the ListType typedef for you. What we are
creating here is a dynamic array of ListType's. Here's the code we just saw, but using ListType
instead:
typedef Node * ListType;
ListType * data;
data = new ListType[100]();
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yp ();
data[0]; // this expression is type ListType (= Node*)
Linked list functions.
One requirement for managing the complexity of the Table class representation, and keeping
different levels of abstraction separate is to write linked list functions that take ListType as a
parameter to do each of the necessary linked list operations for dealing with a hash chain. For
example, one such function might be:
bool listRemove(ListType & list, const string & target);
When your Table code calls listRemove, it would pass to it one element of the hash table array
(i.e., one chain, or one hash bucket).
You are required to define these functions as regular functions in listFuncs.cpp, rather than
trying to make them part of the Table class. Because you are writing them as a separately
compilable module, you will also need to put their prototypes in listFuncs.h. Recall that we saw
examples of function prototypes in the freq.cpp example in a recent lecture, although in that
case they were not in a header file, because that was a single-file program. The advantage of a
separate module is it makes it easy to test them independently from the Table class, and then
later use them directly the Table class implementation. In a later section we discuss a plan for
testing these functions independently.
Copy semantics and reclaiming memory.
The Table class contains dynamic data, so we need to be concerned about how table objects
get copied. When we pass an object by value, the formal parameter is initialized using
something called the copy constructor. When we assign one object to another we use the
assignment (=) operator. C++ supplies built-in versions of these two methods; however, the
built-in versions only do a shallow copy, so do not work correctly for objects that contain
dynamic data. It's a little bit tricky to define these correctly to do deep copy, so we are going
opt for something simpler here: we are going to disallow copying our Table objects. We do
this by making the headers for those methods private. We already put the code to disallow
copies in the private section of your Table.h file; you do not need to do anything else for this to
work the way we want. Table objects can still be used as parameters passed by reference or
const-reference, since that doesn't involve copying the object.
[One note for future reference: even if you create a class that disallows copies, you normally
would define another method, called a destructor, that reclaims the dynamic memory when a
client is done with your object. We won't have time to discuss that topic in detail, and not
having it won't really matter for the way we are using Tables in our client programs here, so
our Table class is not going to define a destructor.]
Note: you should still reclaim the Node memory no longer needed when you remove an entry
from the Table.
grades program
This is going to be a simple program to keep track of students and their scores in a class. It's
not meant to be ultra-realistic (for example, only one score per name, and no way to save
scores) but you can use it as a test driver for your Table implementation
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scores), but you can use it as a test driver for your Table implementation.
The program takes one optional command-line argument, the size for the hash table -- if the
argument is left off, the program uses the default hash size. We have already written the code
to deal with the command line argument. When the program starts up it creates a hash table,
immediately prints out the hashStats() for that empty table, and then should print the initial
command prompt ("cmd> "). In the following example of program startup % is the Linux shell
prompt and user input is shown in italics:
% grades 7
number of buckets: 7
number of entries: 0
number of non-empty buckets: 0
longest chain: 0
cmd>
Once this start-up happens the program repeatedly reads and executes commands from the
user, printing out the command prompt (cmd>) after it finishes the previous command, until the
user enters the quit command.
Here are the commands for the program (in the following a name will always be a single
word):
insert name score
Insert this name and score in the grade table. If this name was already present, print a
message to that effect, and don't do the insert.
change name newscore
Change the score for name. Print an appropriate message if this name isn't present.
lookup name
Lookup the name, and print out his or her score, or a message indicating that student is
not in the table.
remove name
Remove this student. If this student wasn't in the grade table, print a message to that
effect.
print
Prints out all names and scores in the table.
size
Prints out the number of entries in the table.
stats
Prints out statistics about the hash table at this point. (Calls hashStats() method)
help
Prints out a brief command summary.
quit
Exits the program.
Note: You may assume the< name in the above commands will not contain any whitespace (i.e.,
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it will be a single word).
The only error-checking required for this program is for you to print out "ERROR: invalid
command", and the command summary (see 'help' command) if a user give an invalid
command name. Once you print the message your program should then display another
command prompt.
So, for example, you do not have to check whether the user has entered the correct number of
arguments or the correct type of arguments for a command (i.e., the graders will not test your
program on those conditions).
Note: this program enables you to test all of the Table methods.
Using the concord program to test Table
Once you are convinced your Table class works with the grades program you should use
concord.cpp program along with the .txt files that came with the assignment to test your Table
class with a larger amount of data. This program does not use all of the Table methods, so is
not suitable as a complete test of your Table class. See comments in concord.cpp for how to run
it.
Program development and milestone
Here's a suggested development plan to help you succeed on this assignment:
1. Think through what exact operations you will need on a single chain to implement the
various Table methods. Define the exact interface of functions to do these operations on
a single linked list. These kinds of operations were discussed here.
2. By next Thursday (4/18) have all of your linked list functions written and tested. Because
they don't depend on the private data of the hash table class (just the Node class) you
can write a separate program to test these thoroughly, before you tackle any of code
dealing with a dynamic array, etc. See the next section for more details about this
milestone. You can also get lab credit for completing this milestone by your lab meeting
time next week (this is a lab where you have to work independently, not with a partner).
(Note: you will be doing this lab in the PA5 Vocareum workspace; more info on the lab
writeup.)
3. Once you have successufully completed your unit test of your list code, you can start
working on the Table class that uses these functions. Implement the constructors, insert
and printAll methods of Table, and test them with a partially written grades.cpp.
4. Add other Table methods and the corresponding grades.cpp code that tests those methods
to your program, one at a time, testing them as you go, until you have a completely
working grades program.
5. Test your Table class with concord.cpp running on the two story files given.
Milestone
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Milestone
For each of the operations on the Table class, figure out what corresponding operations you
will need on a single chain to help complete the operation. You will need pretty much one
chain (i.e., linked list) operation per Table operation: there may be one or two situations where
you can reuse an operation in multiple places.
Note: besides the stuff mentioned in the previous paragraph, this milestone is about code that
operates on a single linked list, not about hash tables. Put another way, it doesn't involve the
Table class, but it involves building functions that operate on ListType (a.k.a., Node*). These
functions will be useful tools that will make implementing the table class easier.
To complete this milestone, you are going to write a test-program called pa5list.cpp that will
contain code to test all of your linked list functions. The linked list functions themselves will be
in the file listFuncs.cpp, and the prototypes for those functions (as well as the Node definition)
will be in listFuncs.h We provided starter versions for all three of these files.
The Makefile for this assignment already contains a rule to create the executable pa5list from
these files. (I.e., do the Linux command "make pa5list" to compile it.)
These functions you create to operate on a linked list will be regular functions (not methods)
that pass data in and out via explicit parameters and return values (like the linked list functions
we have written in lecture and in Week 13 lab). Each of them involves a parameter of type
ListType passed by value or by reference. This was discussed further, with an example header
give in the section of this assignment on Linked list functions. As mentioned there, once you
have thoroughly tested them, you will be able to use them in your code for the Table class.
We recommend designing your test driver (pa5list.cpp) to work on hard-coded data, as we
have done for other unit tests we have written for this course.
Note: we will not be evaluating your pa5list.cpp as part of pa5 (just for the lab). You are,
however, required to put all of your linked list code for the assignment in listFuncs.h and
listFuncs.cpp
Grading criteria
This program will be graded approximately 70% on correctness, 30% on style and
documentation (where the list module requirement is part of that style score). As usual we will
be using the style guidelines published for the class.
README file / Submitting your program
Your README file must document known bugs in your program, contain the signed certification
shown near the top of this document, and contain any special instructions or information for
the grader.
The submit script will check if all the necessary files are present, and if so, will attempt to
compile grades and concord using the provided Makefile. It will also check that your output from
the hashStats and printAll Table methods are in the correct format.
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t e a d p ab e et ods a e t e co ect o at.
As usual, don't wait until the last minute to try submitting the first time. We also want to
remind you again that with the way C++ works, if you decide to develop your code outside of
Vocareum, you should leave yourself ample time to port the code to Vocareum (a few days).
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